T has become a powerful technology for the production of subjectivity, the most consequential of which is gender. These stories propagate false facts despite being based on embodied effects—many of them from individuals who are themselves taking T, but with plenty of corroboration from scientists, doctors, marketers, and influencers, all of whom have particular stakes in T’s powers. She is currently working, with co-author Rebecca Jordan-Young, on a forthcoming book, T: The Unauthorized Biography. In the United States, being pregnant is about twenty times more likely to result in death than is a sky dive.”. There is a tautology embedded in his conflation of masculine traits with the social status they ostensibly confer. an astonishing range of ailments and conditions, as Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English asked. “As it turned out,” she concludes, “my fears were unwarranted. One of the more striking contemporary narratives in what we might call the T genre—stories that chronicle the use of T and uphold the hormone’s reputation— is Andrew Sullivan’s 2000 piece in The New York Times Magazine, “The He Hormone.” After being prescribed testosterone to counter HIV-related hormonal declines, Sullivan documented with both amazement and precision the changes his body and mind underwent: “I can actually feel its power on almost a daily basis.” He reported weight gain, a bulkier neck and chest, increased energy and strength, improved mood, and an “appetite in every sense of that word expanded beyond measure.” The changes were so immediate and dramatic and, dare I say, stereotypically masculine that he was prompted to generalize his personal experience to all men, ascribing the changes to T and thus to nature: It affects every aspect of our society, from high divorce rates and adolescent male violence to the exploding cults of bodybuilding and professional wrestling. More sports News: Sports minister Sarbananda Sonowal on Tuesday welcomed the Court of Arbitration for Sport's decision that allowed Indian sprinter Dutee Chand to resum Erika Lorraine Milam December 2019 2 New Books Network (4 October 2019): link. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS . Preciado posits that T has the potential to smash the gender binary because it enables the expression of masculinity in bodies assigned female at birth. I put these questions to Hansbury. In Andrew Sullivan’s generalization, for example, one might question his jump from his individual experience to that of all men, and then further to social structures. Between XX and XY: Intersexuality and the Myth of Two Sexes by Gerald N. Callahan 18-1453 IN THE United States Court of Appeals FORTHETENTHCIRCUIT DANAALIXZZYYM, Plaintiff-Appellee, —v.— MICHAELR. In the decades that followed, scientists dedicated to uncovering the cause of observed sex differences looked where they understood them to be rooted, in the gonads. All Access Digital offer for just 99 cents! What if everyone had access to this “masculinity”? I used to be the butch dyke, and I was seen as very aggressive. Your browser is antiquated and no longer supported on this website. Alice Dreger, Ellen K. Feder, Anne Tamar-Mattis, Preventing Homosexuality (and ... ATM CV updated 5 … It isn’t that women don’t compete or take risks—anyone defining competitiveness as exclusively masculine has never seen a mother trying to get her kid into the “right” school—it’s that researchers have conceptualized risk in traditionally masculine ways, focusing on entrepreneurial behavior, extreme sports, and sports betting, to name a few examples. Injections of testicular extracts from guinea pigs, as well as grafts and implants of testicles from goats and chimpanzees were purported to remedy an astonishing range of ailments and conditions, including senility, dementia, diabetes, TB, acne, paranoia, and gangrene. Løchlann, a friend in their forties (who goes by the pronoun “they”), has a slew of reasons for taking T, among them to “be taken seriously and paid what my male colleagues get.” They said this partly in jest, but it was also born of a deep and longstanding frustration about discrimination that I, too, feel. Going on a date can end in sexual assault. Max Kuzma March 29, 2020. Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Likes. When I point out to Løchlann that this locates the solution to a structural problem in an individual body and does nothing to lessen the broader effects of the gender hierarchy’s male and masculine bias, their answer was understandable: “That’s what I’m after. Brown-Séquard was building on the idea that testicular tissue contained the substance responsible for strength and virility, even for masculinity itself. She began her career looking at controversies over treatment for people with intersex traits, which resulted in an award-winning book, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience (Duke 2008). Durham, Duke U. June 28, 2018 All these factors, many of which vary in response to social and environmental stimuli, play a part, as do dose and exposure to that dose over time. And even that would be revolutionary. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. For all the exciting ways that testosterone may be used to disrupt gender, can these expanded uses fully “seize the technology without buying the ideology,” as Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English asked in their 1971 book Complaints and Disorders: The Sexual Politics of Sickness? It's a lot to pin on a simple molecule. CV I am an interdisciplinary feminist scientist and science studies scholar whose work explores the reciprocal relations between science and the social hierarchies of gender, sexuality, class, and race. There is no experience outside these constitutive conditions. 2018-08-21 “young children as 'gender detectives,'”: Fine, Testosterone Rex, 182. Best of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest. As Ronica Mukerjee, a nurse practitioner who specializes in working with transgender individuals, told me, it’s important for those considering T to be aware of the unpredictable changes such as “whether people gain hair or lose hair, whether their body fat redistributes in a phenotypically cis-male pattern, and if their muscle mass significantly increases or not.” This uncertainty can be especially troubling if one’s reason for taking T is to be perceived as more masculine. Or, see all newsletter options here. In some of the “transplants,” for example, the organ was simply sutured to other tissue. But the biggest change of all has been a measure of peace.”, Zeno Colantoni/Electa/Mondadori Portfolio via Getty Images, A first-century BC marble bust from the Santuario di Ercole Vincitore, Tivoli, Italy. 15-2056 (4:15-cv-00054-RGD-DEM) GAVIN GRIMM, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. GLOUCESTER COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD, Defendant - Appellee. Studies of the life experience of intersexed people, such as those of Sharon Preves (2003), Katrina Karkazis (2008), and Stephen Kerry (2008), have often related to the intersexed body as a discursive, medical body, a passive product of biomedical science. Medical anthropologist Katrina Karkazis made the comments Sunday in an opinion piece in the New York Times. In Testosterone Rex, the psychologist Cordelia Fine argues that it is the way in which risk-taking and competition are defined and measured that gives the impression that men “naturally” excel in certain fields, and women don’t. T did help with anemia and increased bone mineral density, but those are far less sexy, as it were, and not what has fueled the hormone’s popularity. Put another way, the uneven distribution of these traits (thanks to higher or lower testosterone levels) is what propels men to the top of the social hierarchy and relegates women to second-class status. I’ve done my bit.” I get this, too. He reported the miraculous effects derived from an elixir of blood, semen, and “juice extracted from a testicle, crushed immediately after it has been taken from a dog or a guinea-pig,” which he self-injected, eager to reverse “the most troublesome miseries of advanced life.” The first injection, he told the crowd, produced “a radical change,” including increased physical stamina, “facility of intellectual labour,” and a markedly longer “jet of urine.” The greatest effect by far was on his “expulsion of fecal matters.” Despite what appeared to be great promise, editors writing in what would become The New England Journal of Medicine quickly cautioned against the “silly season” that might ensue, warning that “the sooner the general public, and especially septuagenarian readers of the latest sensation understand that for the physically used up and worn out there is no secret of rejuvenation, no elixir of youth, the better.”. Clinical encounters often involve tempering expectations. We live in a time of testosterone. The T story has a perennial cycle that has proven exceptionally hard to interrupt, continually invoking views that remain widespread despite decades of incisive critique—everything from why women are underrepresented in STEM to why men are incarcerated more than women. For women? Jeffrey Q. mcCune Jr. is an assistant professor of American studies and womenâ s studies at the University of Maryland, College Park. Like Nelson, Mukerjee understands masculinity as independent of T. “For almost all trans masculine patients,” she told me, “the assertion and understanding of their selves and bodies as masculine happens regardless of testosterone initiation. Maybe it’s just normal for people of all genders in their early twenties to find that they develop new interests.” Maybe it wasn’t T at all. One of the most entertaining of contemporary T stories has been written by the gender theorist Paul B. Preciado, who, in his book Testo Junkie, recorded a year-long experiment of taking T in what he calls “DIY bioterrorism of gender.” Preciado, a keen and critical observer of both self and society, argues outright that “testosterone isn’t masculinity. Katrina Karkazis is a cultural anthropologist specializing in gender and bioethics and the author of Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience (2008). And I was more masculine in many ways—outwardly, anyway—before testosterone. What we know scientifically is not an adequate foundation for what people think T does for them. Moya Bailey is a Black queer feminist scholar, writer, and activist. Leaving a marriage is financially, socially and emotionally risky. Broadly speaking her work examines scientific and medical beliefs about gender, sexuality, and the body across a range of specialized topics. Discussant for Katrina Karkazis, Stanford University. Her expertise is in clinical and research ethics and pediatric ethics. The hormone has become a powerful technology for the production of subjectivity, the most consequential of which is gender. This research has appeared in Science, The American Journal of Bioethics, and BMJ. But early experiments with so-called sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) yielded findings that researchers described as “strange,” “paradoxical,” and “anomalous,” not least because the hormones were not sex-exclusive, and because their functions went well beyond determining sexual characteristics; testosterone, for example, influences many biological processes in all humans, including heart function, liver metabolism, and bone development. When people want to know what T does, they usually start with the gender of the person using the T. What does T do for men? Press, 2008. It’s easy to see what would be attractive about the idea that a patch or pill can eradicate these problems for a given individual. I have read that more books in the United States are now sold online than in bookstores, and have noticed—and assume a causal connection—that there are less books on the shelves of stores. Despite decades of widespread use, the IOM found insufficient evidence to conclude whether taking T improved libido, vitality, or cognition—and was equally inconclusive on any dangers it might pose. Even before its laboratory synthesis, this “chemical messenger of masculinity,” in the words of a Dutch researcher, was in search of a market. Berkeley, U. of CA Press, 2011. 3 Fédération internationale pour la Planification familiale à New York. Volkan Furuncu/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images, The “Fearless Girl” and “Charging Bull” statues in Wall Street, New York City, 2017, As the variety of people using T continues to expand, so do new possibilities for bodies, experiences, and subjectivities. But the shared wellspring of those desires almost always involves a quest for masculinity and its signifiers, offering hope for what it might enact and enable. The call to invent one’s life, and to do it continuously, can sound unendurable. In 2016, she was jointly awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship with “The Hunt for Human Nature,” Aeon (8 November 2018): aeon.co. This goal is reasonable considering T’s history of use by middle-aged men who seek to reinforce the conventional ideals of masculinity that, in turn, enable men to maintain their privileged position in the gender hierarchy. Are the effects less noteworthy or just less novel? This is no less true for our understanding of what T does. It is one thing, though, to say that testosterone exaggerates traits often associated with men, who are at the top of most traditional social hierarchies, and quite another to assert that it is testosterone that puts men there in the first place. Previous. Save 50% off the regular rate and 75% off the cover price and receive a free 2021 calendar! Women also tell these stories. She has written widely on testosterone, intersex issues, sex verification in sports, treatment practices, policy and lived experiences, and the interface between medicine and society. PUBLISHED . College) and Katrina Karkazis (Stanford University) 2015-16 Consultant, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Variability Training Consultant, Emotion and Psychopathology Laboratory, Institute of Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Re-search, Principal Investigator: Edward Selby (Rutgers University) She is completing the book T: The Unauthorized Biography that examines the varied identities of testosterone in U.S. culture. How, then, to reconcile these findings with the stories of raging libidinal improvement in middle-aged men? Michael Montoya. And I’m pretty small. The National Championship offers her a perfect platform to get back into the groove and start preparations for the 2016 Olympics. Intersex in the Age of Ethics by Alice Domurat Dreger (Editor) Rating: 4.13/5. Her first book, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience explored controversies over medical interventions for people with intersex traits. How do you ask a substance to make you more masculine or to give you a masculine trait without imbuing the changes that substance makes with your idea of masculinity? And now I’m 5’ 4”, and I work out, but I’m not real muscular. “What could be truer, after all,” Scott asks, “than a subject’s own account of what he or she has lived through?” Scott argues that there is a danger in viewing personal narratives as incontrovertible evidence for the “fact of difference,” since doing so naturalizes the difference and obfuscates how our very experience is structured by social and historical forces and the interpretive frameworks we derive from them. Here, then, T is understood as a substance that can be leveraged for its presumed power to rectify inequity. Susan Middleton’s Spineless reveals a world where hermit crabs resemble wizards carrying their own magic mountains on their backs, and where worms are transformed into exquisite, pearly necklaces. POMPEO, in his official capacity as the Secretary of State; STEVENJ. If fascism has had an allure for some gay men, it is anti-egalitarianism that provides the connective tissue—the belief that homosexuality belongs to an elite caste, an exclusive fraternity existing above the heterosexual masses and destined for greatness. I don’t mean that T is immaterial, imaginary, or ineffectual, or that our scientific or experiential knowledge of T is completely false. Testosterone has been culturally endowed with aspirational, almost magical, qualities since before the hormone was first synthesized in 1935. T’s effect for a given individual is inflected by that body’s particularity and history: its age; its current level of, including past exposure to, the hormone; the effects of habituation over time; the quantity, location, and sensitivity of androgen receptors; and the presence of other hormones. More in News. Katrina Karkazis, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience, in American Journal of Bioethics (June, 2009), 105-106. What could this chemical accomplish? 15-2056 (4:15-cv-00054-RGD-DEM) GAVIN GRIMM, Plaintiff - Appellant, Her research on the “sex testing” of athletes has appeared in Science, The American Journal of Bioethics, and the BMJ, and led to her appearance as an expert witness in the hearing at the Court of Arbitration for Sport on Dutee Chand’s successful appeal of the IAAF’s hyperandrogenism regulation. Or is it that we only hear from those who are most excited, most vocal? “You’ve had a beard for years and already pass [for male] 90 percent of the time without T,” she writes. That is, from experiencing more masculine characteristics to his inference that testosterone therefore provides the biological basis for male-female hierarchies. If the affected functions were restored, they attributed those changes to the glands and their secretions. A magical substance with a padded résumé, T also remains a potent steroid with occasionally unpredictable effects that only sometimes align with these aspirations. T is used to intervene not only in the “diseased” body, but also to optimize a desired state of being. To many others, for whom T is ripe with overdetermined investments and desires, hormonal reconfiguration does have all the clarity of excision that Nelson pointed to regarding surgery. Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience (Duke 2008), https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/17621/internet-explorer-downloads. These puzzling and contradictory findings did little to undermine the idea that testosterone was the “male sex hormone,” the molecular driver of all things masculine—a notion that still finds widespread support among sources as varied as researchers at the National Institutes of Health and reporters for The New York Times. It doesn’t lead to a pay raise. This book stems from her work on "sex testing" and sports policies that ban women athletes for having naturally high testosterone. The familiar stories have dominated to such an extent that it can be easy to miss any other version that doesn’t fit the master narrative. The uncanny correlation of taking T with suddenly understanding physics might slip by as yet another effect of T—except for how far-fetched it is. Teri L. Snyder, Brabbling Women: Disorderly Speech and the Law in Early Virginia, in William and Mary Quarterly (April, 2004), 359-61. As one friend who had started T said to me, “Let me know if you find a way to get the big muscles and keep the head hair!” It can fail people no matter how much they take, no matter how much they desire some effects but not others. In the case of Hansbury, fifteen years later, does the Xerox machine still thrill? Even some of the earliest T experimenters wondered about what Brown-Séquard called “auto-suggestion without hypnotization.” There is no reason to think that ideas and ideals of masculinity are immune to the placebo effect. Take, for example, the recently-published testosterone trials in elderly men, which were conducted after the National Institute on Aging and the National Cancer Institute expressed concern about the rapidly increasing number of men using testosterone and asked the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) to examine what was known about the risks and benefits of testosterone supplementation. After starting T, Hansbury said in the radio interview, “I became interested in science, I found myself understanding physics in a way I never had before.” Even the interviewer squirmed at this—the interview subject had “reinforced a lot of stereotypes that we’ve almost dispelled with.” But there is a magnetism in these stories that seems irresistible. The hormone has become a powerful technology for the production of subjectivity, the most consequential of which is gender.

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